HOL 067
Rare collection of 29 short letters from Germans living in the Theresienstadt ghetto/camp to one Grete Breuer who lived at Seitenstelteng 4, Vienna. A total of 16 different people are writing. The postcards are officially imprinted from Theresienstadt and contain the stamp of the German censor who reviewed the correspondence. The surnames of the inmates include Weinstein, Wottiz, Kolmin, Kokesch, Roubicek, Spitzer, Grunfeld, Breuer, Ermes, Bolum, Holser, Weil, Sharer, and more. Some interesting things stand out. For instance, the inmates who sent more than one letter, showed different addresses, indicating that they were moved within the ghetto. Some are stamped Reply only to postcards in German. Others are stamped Answer only to the Reich Association of Jews in Germany (which was set up to help convince German jews to emigrate to Theresienstadt). Price: $15000.00
NOTE: Grete Breuer (born Margarethe Breuer) was the daughter of the famous Viennese physician Dr. Josef Breuer, who played a foundational role in the development of psychoanalysis alongside Sigmund Freud. Grete married Dr. Arthur Schiff in 1899. Her life and lineage are tied to several notable aspects of Viennese history and genealogy: Through her father, Grete belonged to the prominent Jewish-Austrian Breuer family. Her grandfather was the respected physician Josef Breuer, whose breakthrough work with his patient "Anna O." heavily influenced the birth of psychoanalysis. Grete's husband, Dr. Arthur Schiff, was born in Vienna in 1871 and passed away there in 1942. After his death, Grete was left isolated and forced out of her family home. Tragically, during the Holocaust, Grete was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp, where she died in 1942. Grete and Arthur had three children: Erich (later Eric), Elisabeth ( Lily), and a son who became an academic. Erich became a notable economics scholar, and Elisabeth was a highly educated woman who emigrated to the UK and then the US.
The location written on the letters is Seitenstettengasse 4, 1010 Vienna (often abbreviated as Seitenstetten 4 on wartime mail). This specific building was a central hub for the heavily persecuted Jewish community in Vienna under Nazi rule. This address is the famous location of the Stadttempel, Vienna's main synagogue. Because it was flanked by residential buildings, the Nazis did not burn it down during the November Pogrom (Kristallnacht) out of fear that the entire block would burn. Consequently, the Gestapo forced the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde (the Vienna Jewish Community administration) to operate out of this complex. Why was she registered there? During the war, as Viennese Jews were systematically stripped of their apartments, many were funneled into "collective apartments" (Sammelwohnungen) or registered directly through the central Jewish administration hub at Seitenstettengasse 4 to handle their final forced deportations.
Grete Schiff was forced to use or reside at this address up until the summer of 1942. According to Austrian Holocaust databases, she was officially deported from Vienna on August 27, 1942, on Transport IV/8 to the Theresienstadt Ghetto. She survived only a few weeks in the camp. Official Austrian Holocaust and university records confirm that Grete Schiff died in Theresienstadt on September 9, 1942. The letters were likely written by friends, family, or fellow Vienna deportees who had been sent to the ghetto earlier in 1941 or early 1942, before she herself was sent there. . Letters addressed to her in 1944 indicate one of two historical scenarios: 1) Complete Isolation and Deception: The most common reason for 1944 mail is that the sender (imprisoned in the Theresienstadt Ghetto) was entirely unaware that Grete had already passed away. The Nazi camp administration routinely suppressed information about deaths. Prisoners were forced or permitted to send brief postcards to the outside world to project a false image of "normal life" in the camp. Senders often wrote to old contacts back home, hoping they were still there to receive the mail. 2) The "Return to Sender" or Redirection Loop: Because Seitenstettengasse 4 was the forced headquarters of the remaining Jewish community administration in Vienna, mail sent from the camps to Vienna was routed through that office. If letters arrived there in 1944, the staff at the address would have known she was long gone, and these letters were likely intercepted, collected, or could never be delivered. Some letters are stamped “Reply only to postcards in German” (which was was purely for the benefit of the Nazi censors so mail written in other languages, such as Czech or Yiddish, was routinely intercepted and destroyed). Others are stamped “Answer only to the Reich Association of Jews in Germany” Ghetto prisoners were forbidden from sending regular mail directly to standard civilian mailboxes. Instead, the SS transported these cards in batches to Berlin. There, they were stamped and funneled through the Reich Association headquarters (located at Iranische Straße 2 or Kantstraße 158 in Berlin). Anyone wishing to reply to a prisoner could not mail it back directly to Theresienstadt. They were legally forced to send their postcard back to the Reich Association office in Berlin. The Association collected the replies, screened them, and handed them back to the SS to transport into the camp.
The presence of these stamps explains how letters kept arriving for Grete Schiff at Seitenstettengasse 4 in 1944, even though she died in 1942. The Nazi regime used this convoluted postal network to generate a veneer of normalization. By forcing inmates to write postcards back to family or older community hubs—and requiring the replies to go through a heavily monitored Nazi-controlled channel—they successfully deceived families, international observers, and the prisoners themselves into believing their loved ones were still alive and accessible.
The family names of those writing include:
- Breuer: These letters likely represent communication from her own extended family members. Her father, Dr. Josef Breuer, had a vast family network in Austria. Many family members who could not escape Vienna in time were swept up in the deportations to Theresienstadt.
- Roubicek & Ermes: This is a remarkable connection. In historical genealogy and archives at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the Roubíček family from Prague/Vienna is directly related to the Ermes family. Records show an Anna Ermes (née Roubíček) who was imprisoned in Theresienstadt. The presence of both rare names in this collection confirms these letters are linked to this specific family network.
- Kokesch: This is a very distinct Viennese-Jewish surname. Records from the Holocaust.cz Victim Database point to prisoners like Jütte (Henriette) Kokesch, born in 1877, who was deported from Vienna to Theresienstadt in September 1942—just weeks after Grete Schiff was sent there. Another family member, Tetti Kokesch, is documented as having sent postcards out of Theresienstadt to family back in Vienna in late 1943.
- Wottiz (Wottitz) & Weil: The Wottiz family was a highly prominent Jewish family with branches spanning Vienna and Bratislava. Many members of the Wottiz family were forced into the ghetto system later in the war (around 1944), which perfectly aligns with the later dates on your postcards. Weil is a massive, historic rabbinical and secular family name heavily concentrated in Bohemia and Vienna.
- Spitzer & Grünfeld (Grunfeld): These were two of the most widespread and influential Jewish surnames in Vienna. Members of these families served alongside the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde (the Jewish administration body) based out of Seitenstettengasse 4, meaning they would have known Grete through community and administrative ties.
- Weinstein, Kolmin, Bolum, Holser, Sharer: These names represent a mix of Viennese, Austrian, and Czech Jews. In many cases, spellings on the postcards were slightly Germanized or altered by clerks. For example, "Sharer" may originally have been spelled Scharrer or Scharf, and "Holser" was likely Holzer.